Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune disorder that predominantly targets the joints, although it may also influence various other organs and systems within the body. In contrast to osteoarthritis, which is caused by degeneration due to wear and tear, RA arises when the immune system erroneously assaults the synovium, the membrane that lines the joints. This misdirected immune response leads to inflammation, discomfort, and the possibility of joint deformities as the condition progresses.
How Rheumatoid Arthritis Affects the Body
1. Joints and Musculoskeletal System
Inflammation and Pain: RA leads to persistent inflammation in the joints, causing swelling, stiffness, and pain, especially in the morning or after periods of inactivity.
Joint Deformity: Over time, the continuous attack on the synovium can erode cartilage and bone, leading to joint deformities and loss of function.
Reduced Mobility: As the disease progresses, joint damage can make movement difficult and painful, potentially leading to disability.
2. Skin
Some RA patients develop rheumatoid nodules, which are firm lumps that appear under the skin, usually near pressure points like elbows and fingers.
RA can also cause vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels), leading to skin ulcers and infections.
3. Lungs
RA can cause lung inflammation, leading to conditions such as interstitial lung disease (ILD), which makes breathing difficult.
Pleural effusion (fluid buildup in the lungs) is another possible complication.
4. Heart and Blood Vessels
Chronic inflammation increases the risk of heart disease, including atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).
Pericarditis, or inflammation of the lining around the heart, can cause chest pain and other complications.
RA also raises the risk of stroke and high blood pressure.
5. Eyes
RA can lead to dry eye syndrome and inflammation of the sclera (scleritis), which can be painful and, if untreated, may lead to vision problems.
6. Kidneys
While RA itself does not directly attack the kidneys, long-term use of certain RA medications (such as NSAIDs) can contribute to kidney damage.
7. Nervous System
Chronic RA can lead to nerve compression (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome), causing numbness, tingling, or weakness in the hands.
Severe RA affecting the cervical spine can compress the spinal cord, leading to neurological symptoms.
8. Mental Health
Chronic pain and disability from RA can contribute to depression and anxiety, affecting overall quality of life.
Conclusion
Rheumatoid arthritis is more than just joint pain—it is a systemic disease that can affect multiple organs and lead to serious complications if not managed properly. Early diagnosis and treatment with medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes can help slow disease progression and improve quality of life.
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